Book References

Below are the references in our book, they are listed by chapter, you just need to click on each one and it will take you to the necessary document.

Chapter 1

  1. Livingston, G. et al. (2017) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’, Lancet, 390(10113), pp. 2673–2734. - Click Here
  2. Livingston, G. et al. (2020) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 396(10248), pp. 413–446. - Click Here
  3. Livingston, G. et al. (2024) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 404(10452), pp. 572–628. - Click Here
  4. Berwick DM. (2008) The science of improvement. JAMA. 299(10), pp.1182-1184
  5. Blazer DG. (2015) Cognitive Aging: A Report from the Institute of Medicine. JAMA. 313(21), pp. 2121–2122.
  6. Harrison, J.E. et al. (2021) ‘ICD-11: an international classification of diseases for the twenty-first century’, BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 21(Suppl 6), p. 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01534-6. - Click Here
  7. Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., Desrosiers, M. F., & Markesbery, W. R. (2005).Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study. Neurobiology of Aging, 26(3), pp. 341–347.
  8. Ismail, Z. et al. (2025) ‘Culturally sensitive clear guidelines on disclosing and communicating a diagnosis of dementia’, Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 21(10). - Click Here
  9. Alzheimer’s Disease International et al. (2025) World Alzheimer Report 2025: Reimagining life with dementia – the power of rehabilitation. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International. - Click Here

Chapter 2

  1. Cha, H., Farina, M. P., & Hayward, M. D. (2025). How Does the Risk of Dementia Change With Each Additional Year of Education? Demography, 62(5), 1497–1521 2.  
  2. Wang Z, Zhu X, Wen Y, Shang D.(2023) Bibliometric analysis of global research on the role of apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s disease. Heliyon. ;9(7) )pp.e17987.. 3.  
  3. Van der Lee S, Wolters F, Ikram M et al. (2018)The effect of APOE and other common genetic variants on the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia: a community-based cohort study. The Lancet Neurology, (17) pp, 434-444 4.  
  4. Belloy ME, Andrews SJ, Le Guen Y, Cuccaro M, Farrer LA, Napolioni V, Greicius MD (2023). APOE Genotype and Alzheimer Disease Risk Across Age, Sex, and Population Ancestry. JAMA Neurol.;80(12), pp.1284-1294 5.  
  5. Satizabal, C.L. et al. (2016) ‘Incidence of dementia over three decades in the Framingham Heart Study’, New England Journal of Medicine, 374(6), pp. 523–532.
  6. Livingston, G. et al. (2024) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 404(10452), pp. 572–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0. - Click Here​

Chapter 3

  1. Livingston, G. et al. (2017) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’, Lancet, 390(10113), pp. 2673–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6. - Click Here
  2.  Then, F. S., Luck, T., Luppa, M., Arélin, K., Schroeter, M. L., Engel, C., Villringer, A., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021). Association of mentally stimulating work with dementia risk: A population-based cohort study. Neurology, 97(7), e706–e715.
  3. Hyun J, Hall CB, Katz MJ, et al. Education, Occupational Complexity, and Incident Dementia: A COSMIC Collaborative Cohort Study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2022;85(1):179-196. doi:10.3233/ JAD-210627
  4. Livingston, G. et al. (2020) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 396(10248), pp. 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. - Click Here
  5. Gates, N. J., Rutjes, A. W. S., Di Nisio, M., Karim, S., Chong, L. Y., March, E., Vernooij, R. W. M., & Martínez, G. (2020). Computerised cognitive training for 12 or more weeks for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in late life. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2(2), CD012277. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012277.pub3
  6. Simons, D.J. et al. (2016) ‘Do brain-training programs work?’, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(3), pp. 103–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616661983.- Click Here
  7. Livingston, G. et al. (2024) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 404(10452), pp. 572–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0. - Click Here
  8. Yang, L., Deng, Y T., Leng, Y., Ou, Y N., Li, Y Z., Chen, S D., He, X Y., Wu, B S., Huang, S Y., Zhang, Y R., Kuo, K., Feng, W., Dong, Q., Suckling, J., Smith, A. D., Li, F., Cheng, W., & Yu, J T. (2022). Depression, depression treatments, and risk of incident dementia: A prospective cohort study of 354,313 participants. Biological Psychiatry, 1 (3(9) pp. 802-809.
  9. Woollett, K. and Maguire, E.A. (2011) ‘Acquiring “the Knowledge” of London’s layout drives structural brain changes’, Current Biology, 21(24), pp. 2109–2114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.018. - Click Here
  10. Dufouil, C. et al. (2014) ‘Older age at retirement is associated with decreased risk of dementia’, European Journal of Epidemiology, 29(5), pp. 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-014-9906-3. - Click Here
  11. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2) pp, 227-237.
  12. Redcay, E., & Schilbach, L. (2019). Using second-person neuroscience to understand mind-to-mind interactions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 20(8) pp. 495–505.
  13. Schilbach, L., Timmermans, B., Reddy, V., Costall, A., Bente, G., Schlicht, T., & Vogeley, K. (2013). Toward a second-person neuroscience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 36(4) pp. 393–414.
  14. Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H. X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A community-based longitudinal study. The Lancet, 355(9212) pp. 1315–1319.
  15. Kuiper, J. S., Zuidersma, M., Oude Voshaar, R. C., Zuidema, S. U., van den Heuvel, E. R., Stolk, R. P., & Smidt, N. (2015). Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Research Reviews, 22 pp. 39–57.
  16. Geng T, Li Y, Peng Y, Chen X, Xu X, Wang J, Sun L, Gao X. (2024) Social isolation and the risk of Parkinson disease in the UK biobank study. NPJ Parkinsons Dis.10(1) pp. 79.
  17. Douglas, E. and Bell, D. (2019) ‘The relationship between loneliness, social isolation and health service usage in an older population: an example of administrative data linkage using Healthy Ageing in Scotland (HAGIS) and NHS records’, International Journal of Population Data Science, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v4i3.1283. - Click Here
  18. Parisi, J.M. et al. (2019) ‘Impact of Experience Corps® participation on children’s academic achievement and school behavior’, Prevention Science, 20(4), pp. 478–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0972-8. - Click Here
  19. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2) pp. 218–227.
  20. Liu, K. (2024) ‘Hearing intervention and cognitive decline: the ACHIEVE trial’, Lancet, 404(10447), pp. 29–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00712-8. - Click Here
  21. Rogers, M.A. and Langa, K.M. (2010) ‘Untreated poor vision: a contributing factor to late-life dementia’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(6), pp. 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp453. - Click Here
  22. Smith, J. R., Huang, A. R., Zhou, Y., et al. (2024). Vision impairment and the population attributable fraction of dementia in older adults. JAMA Ophthalmology, 142(10), pp. 900–908.
  23. Nash, S.D. et al. (2011) ‘The prevalence of hearing impairment and associated risk factors: the Beaver Dam Offspring Study’, Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 137(5), pp. 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1001/archoto.2011.15. - Click Here
  24. Nieman, C.L. et al. (2017) ‘The Baltimore HEARS pilot study: an affordable, accessible, community-delivered hearing care intervention’, Gerontologist, 57(6), pp. 1173–1186. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw153. - Click Here
  25. CNIB Foundation. (n.d.). Prevention strategies for protecting your vision. Canadian National Institute for the Blind. (Reproduced with permission.)
  26. Ventry, I.M. and Weinstein, B.E. (1982) ‘The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly: a new tool’, Ear and Hearing, 3(3), pp. 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003446-198205000-00006.- Click Here

Chapter 4

  1. Livingston, G. et al. (2017) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care’, Lancet, 390(10113), pp. 2673–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31363-6. - Click Here​
  2. Livingston, G. et al. (2020) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 396(10248), pp. 413–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6. - Click Here
  3. Bizzozero-Peroni, B. et al. (2025) ‘Plant-based diets and mental and neurocognitive health outcomes: a systematic review with meta-analysis’, Nutrition Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf080.- Click Here
  4. Booth, S. et al. (2024) Dietary patterns and risk of cognitive decline, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Alexandria, VA: USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review. - Click Here
  5. Chen, X. et al. (2019) ‘Dietary patterns and cognitive health in older adults: a systematic review’, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 67(2), pp. 583–619. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180468. - Click Here
  6. Zhong, G. et al. (2015) ‘Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies’, PLOS ONE, 10(3), p. e0118333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118333. - Click Here
  7. Barzilai, N.R. (2017) ‘Targeting aging with Metformin (TAME)’, Innovation in Aging, 1(Suppl 1), p. 743. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.2682. - Click Here

Chapter 5

  1. Becker, E. et al. (2018) ‘Anxiety as a risk factor of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 213(5), pp. 654–660. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.173. - Click Here
  2. Gulpers, B. et al. (2016) ‘Anxiety as a predictor for cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(10), pp. 823–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2016.05.015. /- Click Here
  3. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017) Preventing cognitive decline and dementia: a way forward. Edited by A. Downey, C. Stroud, S. Landis and A.I. Leshner. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24782. - Click Here
  4. McMillan, A., & Morrell, M. J. (2016). Sleep disordered breathing at the extremes of age: the elderly. Breathe (European Respiratory Society), 12(1) pp. 50–60.
  5. Antonaglia, C., et al. (2025).Walking the fine line between obstructive sleep apnea and aging. Sleep and Breathing, 29, pp. 195.
  6. Wild, C.J. et al. (2018) ‘Dissociable effects of self-reported daily sleep duration on high-level cognitive abilities’, Sleep, 41(12), p. zsy182. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy182. - Click Here
  7. Osorio, R.S. et al. (2015) ‘Sleep-disordered breathing advances cognitive decline in the elderly’, Neurology, 84(19), pp. 1964–1971. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001566. - Click Here
  8. Dunietz, G.L. et al. (2021) ‘Obstructive sleep apnea treatment and dementia risk in older adults’, Sleep, 44(9), p. zsab076. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab076. - Click Here
  9. Benjafield, A.V. et al. (2025) ‘Positive airway pressure therapy and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in people with obstructive sleep apnoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 13(5), pp. 403–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00002-5. - Click Here
  10. Weuve, J. et al. (2004) ‘Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women’, JAMA, 292(12), pp. 1454–1461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1454. - Click Here
  11. Rosenberg, A. et al. (2018) ‘Multidomain lifestyle intervention benefits a large elderly population at risk for cognitive decline and dementia regardless of baseline characteristics: the FINGER trial’, Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 14(3), pp. 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2017.09.006. - Click Here
  12. Beckett, M.W. et al. (2015) ‘Role of physical activity in prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: a meta-analysis’, BMC Geriatrics, 15, p. 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0007-7. - Click Here
  13. Blondell, S.J. et al. (2014) ‘Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?’, BMC Public Health, 14, p. 510. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-510. - Click Here
  14. Deckers, K. et al. (2015) ‘Target risk factors for dementia prevention: a systematic review and Delphi consensus study’, International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(3), pp. 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4245. - Click Here
  15. Hamer, M. and Chida, Y. (2009) ‘Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review’, Psychological Medicine, 39(1), pp. 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003681. - Click Here
  16. Santos-Lozano, A. et al. (2016) ‘Physical activity and Alzheimer disease: a protective association’, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 91(8), pp. 999–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.024. - Click Here
  17. Xu, W. et al. (2017) ‘Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: a dose-response meta-analysis’, BMJ Open, 7(10), p. e014706. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014706. - Click Here
  18. Lau, D.T. et al. (2010) ‘Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among community-dwelling elders with dementia’, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 24(1), pp. 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e31819d6ec9. - Click Here
  19. Buckley, J.S. and Salpeter, S.R. (2015) ‘Risk-benefit assessment of dementia medications: systematic review’, Drugs & Aging, 32(6), pp. 453–467.
  20. Leelakanok, N. and D’Cunha, R.R. (2019) ‘Association between polypharmacy and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, Aging & Mental Health, 23(8), pp. 932–941.
  21. Miguel-Álvarez, M. et al. (2015) ‘Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease’, Drugs & Aging, 32(2), pp. 139–147.
  22. Wang, J. et al. (2015) ‘Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: updated systematic review and meta-analysis’, Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 44(2), pp. 385–396.
  23. Anstey, K.J., Mack, H.A. and Cherbuin, N. (2009) ‘Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies’, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(7), pp. 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181a2fd07 - Click Here​
  24. Schwarzinger, M. et al. (2018) ‘Contribution of alcohol use disorders to the burden of dementia in France’, Lancet Public Health, 3(3), pp. e124–e132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30022-7. - Click Here
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Chapter 6

  1. Murthy, V.H. (2025) My parting prescription for America. US Surgeon General’s Report, 7 January. Available at: https://www.scribd.com/document/821746675/My-Parting-Prescription-for-America-1 (Accessed: 22 February 2026). - Click Here
  2. Goodwin, M. (2024) ‘Why people in “Blue Zones” live longer than the rest of the world’, Healthline, 3 December. Available at: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/blue-zones (Accessed: 22 February 2026). - Click Here
  3. Livingston, G. et al. (2024) ‘Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet Standing Commission’, Lancet, 404(10452), pp. 572–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0. - Click Here​
  4. Rohr, S. et al. (2025) ‘Making time for brain health: recognising temporal inequity in dementia risk reduction’, The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 6(10), p. 100768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(25)00178-4. - Click Here